Bang Kir? hmmmm.....Siapa ya??

Jus Bang Kirman?siapasih yang gak kenal?

               Jusnya yang super duper enak ini mana mungkin sih bisa dilupakan oleh rakyat SMAN1 CIKARANG UTARA ini,termasuk saya hehehe!!!Dari rakyat SMAN1 CIKARANG UTARA angkatan pertama sampai sekarang Jus Bang Kirman tetap selalu dihati!!! Gak percaya?

               Laki-laki bertubuh kurus ini masih setia dengan usaha jusnya dari tahun 92an dan lebih setianya lagi Jus Bang Kir masih tetap memuaskan wajah-wajah kehausan rakyat SMAN1 CIKARANG UTARA ini.

               Bang Kir yang sejaktahun 78an ini telah bergerak dalam bidang perdagangan,mengaku awalnya beliau membuka usaha es campur disekolah kita tercinta ini,dan sekitar tahun 92an sampai sekarang barulah beliau membuka usaha jus buah.

                   wah…!kebayang gak tuh udah berapa lama abang kita ini berkecimpung dalam bidang perdagangan? Umur saya aja belum ada setengahnya,hehehe. Jadi kalau kalian para calon bisnismen or woman kalian bisa sharing sama Abang Kirman kita yang lebih berpengalaman ini,gratis kok!!!

               

                Laki-laki yang telah menghabiskan hampir seluruh hidupnya setiap ada usaha jus buah dan tentunya juga setia sama sekolah kita ini menyatakan kalau beliau telah menganggap rakyat SMAN1 CIKARANG UTARA ini adalah keluarganya sendiri wah,asyik donk abang kita bertambah satu!!!Abang kita ini juga mengaku tidak ambil pusing kalau ada siswa yang suka nunggak bayar jusnya eitss,sapa tuh ?yang jelas bukan saya donk ,Hehehe.

              “kalau ada yang ngutang dulu,saya mah gak ambil pusing,orang udah kayak keluarga sendiri sih.”kata Bang Kir jangan ditiru yah!kasian tuh abang kita ini,nombokin mulu…

                Abang kita yang telah setia pada sekolah tercinta ini mulai dari angkatan pertama sampai sekarang ini menyatakan rindu pada para alumni saya juga rindu kok sama kakak-kakak yang wajahnya aja belum pernah saya liat,hehehe.

Ternyata Abang kita ini kangen  N’tetap cinta pada para alumni mereka kangen juga gak ya? tenang Bang Kir tunggu tanggal mainnya,mereka pasti datang…

About DIES NATALIS

“DIES NATALIS”apaan tuh?

DIES NATALIS  adalah acara pertama perayaan ulang tahun sekolah kita tercinta ini yang ternyata sudah berumur 29^th,acara ini akan diadakan pada tanggal 15 Oktober tapi karena tanggal 15 Oktober kita masih UTS jadi acaranya di undur menjadi tanggal 17 Oktober tahun ini.

         Acara ini termasuk event SMAN1 Cikarang Utara terbesar yang pernah diadakan sekolah kita,bagaimana tidak? Acara ini mengeluarkan dana dan persiapan yang besar-besaran,dan lagi acara ini juga mengundang para alumni dari angkatan tahun 82-11,wah kebayang gak tuh seluruh alumni ditampung disekolah kita? Pasti rame banget kayak ikan pepes!

         Dalam acara ini juga ada acara potong tumpeng loh !Acara potong tumpeng ini adalah acara resmi dan wajib diadakan supaya lebih afdol ulang tahunnya,hehehe.

          

          Selain acara potong tumpeng “DIES NATALIS” juga mengadakan acara lain sebagai penghibur dan peramai suasana misalnya : Guest Star , pemberian penghargaan kepada guru dan murid , bazaar untuk yang doyan belanja dan pastinya penampilan bintang tamu yang keren abizzzz ! Bagaimana tidak ? acara sebesar ini gak mungkin dong bintang tamunya yang abal-abal ! Apalagi setelah mendengar pernyataan kak RIRIS salah satu panitia “DIES NATALIS” mengenai siapa bintang tamu acara ini,dengan tersenyum dia mengatakan “RAHASIA” yang berarti surprise dan kalo surprise itu pastinya sangat-sangat amat LUAR BIASA.

Jadi buat warga SMAN1 CIKARANG UTARA kalau melewatkan acara ini dijamin RUGI BESAR, secara ini kan event yang jarang banget diadakan. so, jangan sampai terlewat acara ini ya J.

Kegiatan Buka Puasa Bersama di Perumahan Cibitung

Buka Puasa Bersama Kelas XI IPA 3

Kegiatan Lomba Ramadhan 1432 H di SMAN 1 Cikarang Utara

High School Extracurricular Activities

High School Extracurricular Activities Data

By Catherine Harris, eHow Contributor

updated April 07, 2011

Extracurricular activities in high school involve students in both school and community. Students who are planning on attending college want to participate in clubs and volunteer services. Extracurricular activities show interested colleges the student's commitment to the community and their high school. These types of activities fall outside of the normal high school curriculum education, making extracurricular high school activities data useful for establishing a student's dedication and character.

Types

High School Students Participating in Clubs

A variety of clubs are available for students in high schools that complement the curriculum. Many schools offer debate teams, athletics, literary clubs, and drama clubs. If the school doesn't have clubs that suit the student's interest, individuals can speak to teachers, principals or counselors about forming one. Students should not worry about being the team captain or club president---the key is to participate, whether on center stage or behind the scenes. Students may want to consider engaging in community service activities, such as volunteering in local hospitals or tutoring elementary school kids.

Sports

High School Sports

High schools offer sports for students to play as extracurricular activities, such as basketball, football, softball, baseball and soccer. If you are not able to make the team, or if your school has limited athletic offerings, you can join city or community sports leagues. Fortunately, colleges pay attention to what students do both in and outside of school. Extracurricular high school activities data about sports reveal a great deal about students; the student who merely watches sports on television is less enticing to colleges than one who gets out and plays.

Work

High School Student Tutoring Elementary Student

Working students have an excellent way to be involved in the community. Employment shows the student has skills, is able to interact with others in a work environment and is both responsible and mature. For example, students who work as tutors demonstrate they have skills to train and educate others. Work experience, whether paid or volunteer, can help the student to identify career interests and goals. It will also show how students are applying classroom learning to the real world. Work looks good on college and job applications, showing admissions officers and employers you are well-rounded and responsible.

Benefits

High School Students Volunteering

Students exploring high school activities are able to expand on physical, creative and social interests. They are able to make friends who have similar likes and interests. Being involved with groups prepares students for college activities in which different types of people are brought together. Students involved in positive activities are more likely to possess the motivation and commitment to complete what they start.

In reviewing four decades of extracurricular high school activities, educational research associate James W. O'Dea stated, "Students are only going to get so much out of the classroom, and it is up to the educator to express, push, promote these additional activities which will enhance the student's social and societal skills, from what they do not get at home." Full support needs to be given to these programs to promote these types of skills.

These positive behaviors gained from extracurricular activities have been found to persist throughout life, according to the director of the Center for Social and Behavioral Research at Northern Iowa University, Gene Lutz. In a 2009 report, Lutz and his colleagues found that "High school athletic participation is associated with an array of positive outcomes, including high school [grade poiont average], college attendance, college completion, adult income and earnings, job quality, and beneficial health behaviors."

Read more: High School Extracurricular Activities Data | eHow.co.uk

sumber: http://www.ehow.co.uk/info_8029193_high-school-extracurricular-activities-data.html

B-Notice Ekskul Broadcast

B-Notice*

(Broadcast Notice)

*) adalah informasi yang “terlarang” untuk dipublikasikan oleh seluruh awak media (pengurus dan anggota) ekskul broadcast melalui media apapun juga.

B-Notice-001:       Informasi yang dapat merusak nama baik SMAN 1 Cikarang Utara, meliputi: institusi, pendidik, tenaga kependidikan (staf TU), peserta didik, alumni, dan seluruh keluarga civitas akademika SMAN 1 Cikarang Utara.

B-Notice-002:       Informasi yang berkaitan dengan SARA, NARKOTIKA, NAPZA, Seks, Pornografi, Pornoaksi, Kekerasan, dan hal negatif lainnya.

B-Notice-003:       Informasi yang berkaitan dengan pelecehan dan pelanggaran Pancasila dan UUD 1945 serta merusak nama baik Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia baik secara keseluruhan maupun sebagian.

Para pengurus dan anggota ekskul broadcast memiliki kewajiban untuk mengetahui, memahami, dan melaksanakan kode etik jurnalistik secara umum yang berlaku di Indonesia dan menaati B-Notice ekskul broadcast.

DA-Notice (Redirected from D notice)

A DA-Notice or Defence Advisory Notice (called a Defence Notice or D-Notice until 1993) is an official request to news editors not to publish or broadcast items on specified subjects for reasons of national security. The system is still in use in the United Kingdom.

Contents 1 United Kingdom 2 Australia 3 See also 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External links

United Kingdom

In the UK the original D-Notice system was introduced in 1912 and run as a voluntary system by a joint committee headed by an Assistant Secretary of the War Office and a representative of the Press Association.
Any D-Notices or DA-notices are advisory requests so are not legally enforceable and hence news editors can, in theory, choose not to abide by them. However, they are generally complied with by the media.^[1] In 1971, all existing D-Notices were cancelled and replaced by standing D-Notices that gave general guidance on what could be published and what could not, and what would require further advice from the secretary of the Defence, Press and Broadcasting Advisory Committee (DPBAC). In 1993, the notices were renamed DA-Notices.
As of 2008, there are five standing DA-Notices:^[2]

• DA-Notice 01: Military Operations, Plans & Capabilities
• DA-Notice 02: Nuclear and Non-Nuclear Weapons and Equipment
• DA-Notice 03: Ciphers and Secure Communications
• DA-Notice 04: Sensitive Installations and Home Addresses
• DA-Notice 05: United Kingdom Security & Intelligence Special Services

On 8 April 2009, the Government issued a DA-Notice in relation to sensitive anti-terror documents photographed when Assistant-Commissioner Bob Quick arrived at Downing Street for talks about current intelligence.^[3]
On 25 November 2010, the Government issued a DA-Notice (types 1 and 5) in relation to sensitive documents expected to be imminently released on the website WikiLeaks.^[4][5][6]

Australia

A voluntary system of D-Notices was also used in Australia starting in 1952 during the Cold War period and were issued by the Defence, Press and Broadcasting Committee. At the first meeting of the Committee, eight D-Notices were issued covering atomic tests in Australia, aspects of naval shipbuilding, official ciphering, the number and deployment of Centurion tanks, troop movements in the Korean War, weapons and equipment information not officially released, aspects of air defence and certain aerial photographs.^[7]
In 1974 the number of D-Notices was reduced to four, covering:^[7]

1. Technical information regarding navy, army and air force weapons, weapons systems, equipment and communications systems;
2. Air operational capability and air defences;
3. Whereabouts of Mr and Mrs Vladimir Petrov; and
4. Ciphering and monitoring activities.

A fifth D-Notice relating to the Australian Secret Intelligence Service (ASIS) was issued in 1977.^[7]
In 1982 D-Notices were again revised to four.^[8]

• D Notice 1: Capabilities of the Australian Defence Force, Including Aircraft, Ships, Weapons, and Other Equipment;
• D Notice 2: Whereabouts of Mr and Mrs Vladimir Petrov;
• D Notice 3: Signals Intelligence and Communications Security; and
• D Notice 4: Australian Secret Intelligence Service (ASIS).

The Defence, Press and Broadcasting Committee has not met since 1982 although the D-Notice system remains the administrative responsibility of the Minister for Defence.^[7]
The D-Notice system fell out of common use at the end of the Cold War but remained in force. The 1995 Commission of Inquiry into the Australian Secret Intelligence Service reported that newspapers confessed ignorance that the D-Notice system was still operating when it was drawn to their attention in 1993 and 1994.^[9]
On 26 November 2010, Australian Attorney-General Robert McClelland sent a letter to heads of Australian media and other organisations proposing the creation of a new system similar to the D-Notice system.^[10]

Susunan Pengurus Ekskul Broadcast

PENGURUS TERAS 
=================

Ketua Umum:

Firman Surahman (XI IPA 2)

Wakil Ketua 1:

Kurniatul Juhri (XI IPS 1)

Wakil Ketua 2:

Jenika Widiya (XI IPA 3)

Sekretaris Umum:

Siska Ovita Sari (XI IPA 3)

Wakil Sekretaris:

Laila Ratnasari (XI IPA 5)

Bendahara Umum:

Bagja M. Debba (XI IPA 3)

Wakil Bendahara:

Yessi Nadia (XI IPS 1)

Definisi Siaran

Siaran

Dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas

Belum Diperiksa

 

Artikel ini perlu dirapikan agar memenuhi standar Wikipedia Merapikan artikel bisa berupa membagi artikel ke dalam paragraf atau wikifikasi artikel. Setelah dirapikan, tolong hapus pesan ini.

Artikel ini perlu di-wikifikasi agar memenuhi standar kualitas Wikipedia. Anda dapat memberikan bantuan berupa penambahan pranala dalam, atau dengan merapikan tata letak dari artikel ini. Untuk keterangan lebih lanjut, klik [tampilkan] di bagian kanan.[tampilkan]

Proses penyiaran terjadi sejak ide itu diciptakan sampai dengan ide itu disebarluaskan. Langkah-langkahnya meliputi penggagas ide yang dalam hal ini adalah komunikator, kemudian ide itu diubah menjadi suatu bentuk pesan yang dapat dikirimkan baik verbal maupun nonverbal melalui saluran dan atau sarana komunikasi yang memungkinkan pesan itu mampu menjangkau khlayak luas (komunikan).^[1] 

Terselenggaranya penyiaran ditentukan oleh tiga unsur yaitu studio, transmitter, dan pesawat penerima. Ketiga unsur ini kemudia disebut sebagai trilogi penyiaran. Paduan ketiganya ini yang kemudian akan menghasilkan siaran yang dapat diterima oleh pesawat penerima radio maupun televisi.

Studio merupakan sistem yang cukup berperan dalam sebuah stasiun penyiaran, sebagai sub sistem yang terintegrasi secara total, bagian studio memberikan andil untuk penyedia program-program reguler yang bersifat berkesinambungan. 

Sistem studio pada umumnya terintegrasi dari berbagai unit sistem seperti bagian audio, video sistem, dan pencahayaan serta dilengkapi prasarana seni atau gambar sebagai pendukung produksi khususnya untuk produksi audio visual. Studio merupakan tempat produksi informasi sekaligus menyiarkan, yakni mengubah ide dan gagasan menjadi bentuk pesan baik gambar maupun suara.

Studio sebagai penyuplai program acara dibagi dalam dua kategori besar : Siaran Langsung, seperti program berita yang memiliki kekuatan informasi untuk segera disiarkan. Siaran Rekam, program acara yang direkam terlebih dahulu baik program acara nondrama seperti musik, olah raga dan program acara drama.^[2]

Transmitter merupakan salah satu unsur dalam proses penyiaran yang berfungsi mengantarkan gambar dan suara dari studio berupa gelombang elektromagnetik yang membawa muatan informasi untuk dipancarkan atau disalurkan melalui kabel atau serat optik. Ada tiga cara sistem satelit komunikasi Sistem DBS (Panduan Satelit Penyiaran), Sistem Semi DBS, serta sistem gabungan (penyaluran dan satelit).

Pesawat Penerima merupakan alat yang berfungsi mengubah gelombang eektromagnetik yang membawa muatan informasi berupa signal suara dan atau signal suara dan signal gambar proyeksi menjadi bentuk pesan yang dapat dinikmati.Pancaran gelombang elektromagnetik yang membawa muatan signal suara yang terbentuk melalui microphone, kemudian panaran ini diterima oleh sistem antena untuk diteruskan ke pesawat penerima, dan signal suara itu diubah kembali menjadi suara di dalam audio loudspeaker.^[3] 

Bandung Proses ini menghasilkan siaran radio, sedangkan gelombang elektromagnetik yang masih membawa signal suara, yang dihasilkan oleh michrophone dan signal gambar proyeksi, yang dihasilkan oleh sisten lensa dan kemudian diubah menjadi signal gambar di dalam tabung pengambil gambar maka proses ini menghasilkan siaran televisi.^[4]

Produk Penyiaran Penyiaran merupakan kegiatan penyelenggaraan siaran, yaitu rangkaian mata acara dalam bentuk audio, suara atau visual gambar yang dtransmisikan dalam bentuk signal suara atau gambar, baik melalui udara maupun melalui kabel dan atau serat optik yang dapat diterima oleh pesawat penerima dirumah-rumah. ^[5] Output penyiaran adalah siaran. 

Siaran adalah benda abstrak yang sangat potensial untuk dipergunakan mencapai tujuan yang bersifat idiil maupun material. Siaran merupakan hasil kerja kolektif yang memerlukan dana yang besar banyak tenaga yang kreatif dan profesional serta sarana elektris canggih yang harganya relatif mahal. Karena itu produksi Siaran sebenarnya merupakan produksi massal yang memiliki tujuan untuk menyampaikan informasi, hiburan dan pendidikan kepada sebagian besar khalayaknya, dengan biaya yang cukup besar. 

Di dalam penyelenggaraan siaran, para pengelola siaran selalu berupaya untuk menekatkan diri kepada khalayak, sehingga ada usaha mengimpitkan kepentingan khalayak yang diawali dengan menarik perhatian khalayak.^[6]

== Program Acara Siaran ==

Radio, Program acara Radio selama beberapa periode terakhir ini meliputi musik dan variety show, komedi, drama, dan berita. Sedang Dominick (1983) membagi 4 kategori dasar format acara radio musik, talk, news, hitam dan etnik. Khususnya acara musik merupakan kategori acara yang mendominasi siaran radio dan berisi beberapa sub bagian, diantaranya adalah Top 40, Album Oriented Rock, dan Midle Of The Road (MOR). 

Secara Umum mata acara radio diperoleh dari 4 sumber : 1. Jaringan antar stasiun atau merelay dari stasiun penyiaran lainnya.^[7] 2. Rekaman dan atau menyewa dari rumah produksi. 3. Produksi Sendiri. 4. Sindikasi program atau pertukaran program dengan pihak lain yang menjadi kongsinya.

Rujukan

1. ^ Wahyudi, JB 1986. Media Massa Televisi, Bandung


2. ^ Domminick, Joseph R 1983,The Dynamic Of Mass Communication, Random House, New York


3. ^ Effendy, Uchjana Onong, 1990. Radio Siaran Teori dan Praktik.


4. ^ Effendy, Uchjana Onong, 1984. Televisi Siaran Teori dan Praktik.Bandung.


5. ^ Tommy Suprapto 2006, Berkarier dibidang Broadcasting Media Pressindo,Yogyakarta.


6. ^ Setyobudi, Ciptomo.2005. Pengantar Teknik Broadcasting Televisi, Yogyakarta.


7. ^ Domminick, Joseph R 1983,The Dynamic Of Mass Communication, Random House, New York.

Referensi

• Tommy Suprapto 2006, Berkarier dibidang Broadcasting Media Pressindo,Yogyakarta.


• Domminick, Joseph R 1983,The Dynamic Of Mass Communication, Random House, New York.


• Effendy, Uchjana Onong, 1984. Televisi Siaran Teori dan Praktik. Bandung.


• Effendy, Uchjana Onong, 1990. Radio Siaran Teori dan Praktik. Bandung


• Wahyudi, JB 1986. Media Massa Televisi, Bandung


• Setyobudi, Ciptomo.2005. Pengantar Teknik Broadcasting Televisi, Yogyakarta.

Broadcast Definition

Broadcasting

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

"Broadcast" redirects here. For other uses, see Broadcast (disambiguation).

 

This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please improve this article by introducing more precise citations where appropriate. (November 2010)

Broadcasting is the wireless distribution of audio and video content to a dispersed audience via broadcast radio, broadcast television, or other.^[vague] Receiving parties may include the general public or a relatively large subset of thereof. It could also^[vague] be for purposes of private recreation, non-commercial exchange of messages, experimentation, self-training, and emergency communication such as amateur (ham) radio and amateur television (ATV).

Broadcasting antenna in Stuttgart

The term broadcast was first adopted by early radio engineers from the Midwestern United States,^{[citation needed]} treating broadcast sowing as a metaphor for the dispersal inherent in omnidirectional radio signals.^{[citation needed]}

Broadcasting forms a very large segment^[quantify] of the mass media.

Originally all broadcasting was composed of analog signals using analog transmission techniques and more recently broadcasters have switched to digital signals using digital transmission.

• Analog audio vs. HD radio


• Analog television vs. Digital television

Contents 1 Forms of electronic broadcasting 2 Economic models 2.1 Underwriting spots vs. commercials 3 Recorded broadcasts and live broadcasts 4 Legal definitions 4.1 United Kingdom 5 Social impact 6 See also 7 Notes 8 Bibliography 9 Further reading 10 External links

Forms of electronic broadcasting

Historically, there have been several different types of electronic media broadcasting:

• Telephone broadcasting (1881–1932): the earliest form of electronic broadcasting (not counting data services offered by stock telegraph companies from 1867, if ticker-tapes are excluded from the definition). Telephone broadcasting began with the advent of Théâtrophone ("Theatre Phone") systems, which were telephone-based distribution systems allowing subscribers to listen to live opera and theatre performances over telephone lines, created by French inventor Clément Ader in 1881. Telephone broadcasting also grew to include telephone newspaper services for news and entertainment programming which were introduced in the 1890s, primarily located in large European cities. These telephone-based subscription services were the first examples of electrical/electronic broadcasting and offered a wide variety of programming. 

• Radio broadcasting (experimentally from 1906, commercially from 1920): radio broadcasting is an audio (sound) broadcasting service, broadcast through the air as radio waves from a transmitter to an radio antenna and, thus, to a receiver. Stations can be linked in radio networks to broadcast common radio programs, either in broadcast syndication, simulcast or subchannels.

• History of television broadcasting (telecast), experimentally from 1925, commercial television from the 1930s: this television programming medium was long-awaited by the general public and rapidly rose to compete with its older radio-broadcasting sibling.

• Cable radio (also called "cable FM", from 1928) and cable television (from 1932): both via coaxial cable, serving principally as transmission mediums for programming produced at either radio or television stations, with limited production of cable-dedicated programming.

• Direct-broadcast satellite (DBS) (from circa 1974) and satellite radio (from circa 1990): meant for direct-to-home broadcast programming (as opposed to studio network uplinks and downlinks), provides a mix of traditional radio or television broadcast programming, or both, with dedicated satellite radio programming. (See also: Satellite television)

• Webcasting of video/television (from circa 1993) and audio/radio (from circa 1994) streams: offers a mix of traditional radio and television station broadcast programming with dedicated internet radio-webcast programming.

Economic models

Economically there are a few ways in which stations are able to broadcast continually. Each differs in the method by which stations are funded:

• in-kind donations of time and skills by volunteers (common with community radio broadcasters)


• direct government payments or operation of public broadcasters


• indirect government payments, such as radio and television licenses


• grants from foundations or business entities


• selling advertising or sponsorships


• public subscription or membership

Broadcasters may rely on a combination of these business models. For example, National Public Radio (NPR), a non-commercial educational (NCE) public radio media organization within the U.S., receives grants from the Corporation for Public Broadcasting (CPB) (which, in turn, receives funding from the U.S. government), by public membership and by selling "extended credits" to corporations.

Underwriting spots vs. commercials

In contrast with commercial broadcasting, NPR does not carry traditional radio commercials or television commercial. It offers major donors brief statements that are called underwriting spots and unlike commercials, are governed by specific FCC restrictions in addition to the truth-in-advertising laws; they cannot advocate a product or contain any "call to action"

Recorded broadcasts and live broadcasts

A television studio production control room in Olympia, Washington, August 2008.

 

The first regular television broadcasts began in 1937. Broadcasts can be classified as "recorded" or "live". The former allows correcting errors, and removing superfluous or undesired material, rearranging it, applying slow-motion and repetitions, and other techniques to enhance the program. However, some live events like sports television can include some of the aspects including slow-motion clips of important goals/hits, etc., in between the live television telecast.

American radio-network broadcasters habitually forbade prerecorded broadcasts in the 1930s and 1940s requiring radio programs played for the Eastern and Central time zones to be repeated three hours later for the Pacific time zone (See: Effects of time on North American broadcasting). This restriction was dropped for special occasions, as in the case of the German dirigible airship Hindenburg disaster at Lakehurst, New Jersey, in 1937. During World War II, prerecorded broadcasts from war correspondents were allowed on U.S. radio. In addition, American radio programs were recorded for playback by Armed Forces Radio radio stations around the world.

A disadvantage of recording first is that the public may know the outcome of an event from another source, which may be a "spoiler". In addition, prerecording prevents live radio announcers from deviating from an officially approved script, as occurred with propaganda broadcasts from Germany in the 1940s and with Radio Moscow in the 1980s.

Many events are advertised as being live, although they are often "recorded live" (sometimes called "live-to-tape"). This is particularly true of performances of musical artists on radio when they visit for an in-studio concert performance. Similar situations have occurred in television production ("The Cosby Show is recorded in front of a live television studio audience") and news broadcasting.

A broadcast may be distributed through several physical means. If coming directly from the radio studio at a single station or television station, it is simply sent through the studio/transmitter link to the transmitter and thence from the television antenna located on the radio masts and towers out to the world. Programming may also come through a communications satellite, played either live or recorded for later transmission. Networks of stations may simulcast the same programming at the same time, originally via microwave link, now usually by satellite.

Distribution to stations or networks may also be through physical media, such as magnetic tape, compact disc (CD), DVD, and sometimes other formats. Usually these are included in another broadcast, such as when electronic news gathering (ENG) returns a story to the station for inclusion on a news programme.

The final leg of broadcast distribution is how the signal gets to the listener or viewer. It may come over the air as with a radio station or television station to an antenna and radio receiver, or may come through cable television [1] or cable radio (or "wireless cable") via the station or directly from a network. The Internet may also bring either internet radio or streaming media television to the recipient, especially with multicasting allowing the signal and bandwidth to be shared.

The term "broadcast network" is often used to distinguish networks that broadcast an over-the-air television signals that can be received using a tuner (television) inside a television set with a television antenna from so-called networks that are broadcast only via cable television (cablecast) or satellite television that uses a dish antenna. The term "broadcast television" can refer to the television programs of such networks.

Legal definitions

United Kingdom

The Copyright, Designs and Patents Act of 1988 defines a broadcast as "a transmission by wireless telegraphy of visual images, sounds, or other information which is capable of lawful reception by the public or which is made for presentation to the public". Thus, it covers radio, television, teletext and telephones.

Social impact

This section does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2010)

The sequencing of content in a broadcast is called a schedule. As with all technological endeavours, a number of technical terms and slang have developed. A list of these terms can be found at List of broadcasting terms. Television and radio programs are distributed through radio broadcasting or cable, often both simultaneously. By coding signals and having a cable converter box with decoding equipment in homes, the latter also enables subscription-based channels, pay-tv and pay-per-view services.

In his essay, John Durham Peters wrote that communication is a tool used for dissemination. Durham stated, “Dissemination is a lens- sometimes a usefully distorting one- that helps us tackle basic issues such as interaction, presence, and space and time…on the agenda of any future communication theory in general” (Durham, 211). Dissemination focuses on the message being relayed from one main source to one large audience without the exchange of dialogue in between. There’s chance for the message to be tweaked or corrupted once the main source releases it. There is really no way to predetermine how the larger population or audience will absorb the message. They can choose to listen, analyze, or simply ignore it. Dissemination in communication is widely used in the world of broadcasting.

Broadcasting focuses on getting one message out and it is up to the general public to do what they wish with it. Durham also states that broadcasting is used to address an open ended destination (Durham, 212). There are many forms of broadcast, but they all aim to distribute a signal that will reach the target audience. Broadcasting can arrange audiences into entire assemblies (Durham, 213).

In terms of media broadcasting, a radio show can gather a large number of followers who tune in every day to specifically listen to that specific disc jockey. The disc jockey follows the script for his or her radio show and just talks into the microphone. He or she does not expect immediate feedback from any listeners. The message is broadcast across airwaves throughout the community, but there the listeners cannot always respond immediately, especially since many radio shows are recorded prior to the actual air time.

See also

• 1worldspace – world's first commercial satellite radio direct-to-home broadcaster


• Analog television


• Bandplan


• Broadcast television systems – contains the standards of the topic


• Broadcast safe


• Broadcast license


• Broadcasting network


• Broadcast quality


• Cablecast


• Dead air


• Digital television


• Electronic media


• European Broadcasting Union (EBU)


• History of broadcasting


• Internet radio


• Internet television


• List of broadcasting terms


• List of broadcast satellites


• NaSTA


• Nonbroadcast Multiple Access Network (NBMA)


• North American broadcast television frequencies


• Outside broadcast


• Radio Act of 1927


• Reality television


• Society of Broadcast Engineers (SBE)


• Streaming media


• Television studio


• Television transmitter


• Transposer


• Television broadcasting in Australia


• Web television


• Webcast

Notes

Bibliography

• Carey, James (1989) Communication as Culture, Routledge, New York and London, pp. 201–30


• Kahn, Frank J., ed. Documents of American Broadcasting, fourth edition (Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1984).


• Lichty Lawrence W., and Topping Malachi C., eds. American Broadcasting: A Source Book on the History of Radio and Television (Hastings House, 1975).


• Meyrowitz, Joshua., Mediating Communication: What Happens? in Downing, J., Mohammadi, A., and Sreberny-Mohammadi, A., (eds) Questioning The Media (Sage, Thousand Oaks, 1995) pp. 39–53


• Peters, John Durham. "Communication as Dissemination." Communication as…Perspectives on Theory. Thousand Oakes, CA: Sage, 2006. 211-22.


• Thompson, J., The Media and Modernity, in Mackay, H and O'Sullivan, T (eds) The Media Reader: Continuity and Transformation., (Sage, London, 1999) pp. 12–27

Further reading

• Gilbert, Sean; Nelson, John; Jacobs, George, World Radio TV Handbook 2007, Watson-Guptill, 2006. ISBN 0953586499. The 2007 edition of the World Radio TV Handbook.


• Wells, Alan, World Broadcasting: A Comparative View, Greenwood Publishing Group, 1996. ISBN 1567502458

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Radio

Look up broadcasting in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

• Radio Locator, for American radio station with format, power, and coverage information.


• Jim Hawkins' Radio and Broadcast Technology Page – History of broadcast transmitter technology